Estimation of carbohydrate antigen 125 concentration and its relationship with some antioxidants in the blood serum of patients with renal failure
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.31185/bsj.Vol23.Iss48.1871Keywords:
Renal failure, carbohydrate antigen 125, antioxidants, catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidaseAbstract
Acute and chronic kidney disease is a serious and growing global health problem due to its impact on vital bodily functions. Studies on kidney disease indicate that approximately 850 million people worldwide suffer from kidney disease, primarily living in low-income and lower-middle-income countries. Therefore, it is essential to broaden our understanding of the disease and develop new therapeutic targets for its diagnosis, prevention, and treatment. This study aimed to identify carbohydrate antigen 125 and certain antioxidants as markers for kidney disease.
This research study was conducted on kidney disease patients at Kirkuk Hospital, as well as at private medical laboratories in Kirkuk. The patients were diagnosed by physicians and specialists based on clinical symptoms and pathological analyses. A total of 90 blood samples were collected, comprising a control group (30 samples) and a group of patients (60 samples), divided into two sections: 30 samples before hemodialysis and 30 samples after hemodialysis. The study period ran from mid-August 2025 to early October 2025. The ages of the patients ranged from 17 to 80 years, as did the ages of the healthy individuals.
This study involved the estimation of carbohydrate antigen 125 (CA125) and several antioxidants (catalase CAT, superoxide dismutase SOD, and glutathione peroxidase GPx).
When comparing the serum of patients with renal failure to the control group, the results revealed a substantial rise in CA125 content at a probability level of P<0.05 and a significant decrease in the activity of antioxidants (GPx, SOD, and CAT) at a probability level of P ≤ 0.05.
The results showed a negative correlation between CA125 and each of the antioxidants (GPx, SOD, and CAT), with correlation values of -0.593, -0.031, and -0.091, respectively, at a probability level of P ≤ 0.01.
References
المصادر:
1. Francis, A., Harhay, M. N., Ong, A. C. M., Tummalapalli, S. L., Ortiz, A., Fogo, A. B., et al. (2024). Chronic kidney disease and the global public health agenda: An international consensus. Nature Reviews Nephrology, 20(7), 473–485.
2. Khwaja, A. (2012). KDIGO clinical practice guidelines for acute kidney injury. Nephron Clinical Practice, 120(4), c179–c184.
3. Demsu, G., Gebru, A., Tadesse, A., Tazeb, W., Abebe, Z., Asres, R., et al. (2023). Incidence of acute kidney injury and its predictors among neonates admitted at neonatal intensive care unit, University of Gondar, Debretabor and Tibebe Ghion Amhara Region Comprehensive Specialized Hospitals, Northwest Ethiopia. BMC Pediatrics, 24, 717.
4. Rao, Z., Wang, K., Zhou, K., Duan, Y., & Zhang, Y. (2025). Global burden and epidemic trends of chronic kidney disease attributable to high body mass index: Insights from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. Renal Failure, 47(1), 2512400.
5. Schumacher, A. E., Kyu, H. H., Aali, A., Abbafati, C., Abbas, J., Abbasgholizadeh, R., et al. (2024). Global age-sex-specific mortality, life expectancy, and population estimates in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1950–2021, and the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic: A comprehensive demographic analysis. The Lancet, 403(10440), 1989–2056.
6. Borg, R., Carlson, N., Søndergaard, J., & Persson, F. (2023). The growing challenge of chronic kidney disease: An overview of current knowledge. International Journal of Nephrology, 2023, 9609266.
7. Luyckx, V. A., Tonelli, M., & Stanifer, J. W. (2018). The global burden of kidney disease and the sustainable development goals. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 96(6), 414–422.
8. Strobeck, J. E., Feldschuh, J., & Miller, W. L. (2018). Heart failure outcomes with volume-guided management. JACC: Heart Failure, 6(11), 940–948.
9. Núñez, J., Núñez, E., Sanchis, J., Bodí, V., Fonarow, G. C., Miñana, G., et al. (2012). Antigen carbohydrate 125 and brain natriuretic peptide serial measurements for risk stratification following an episode of acute heart failure. International Journal of Cardiology, 159(1), 21–28.
10. Jomova, K., Raptova, R., Alomar, S. Y., Alwasel, S. H., Nepovimova, E., Kuca, K., et al. (2023). Reactive oxygen species, toxicity, oxidative stress, and antioxidants: Chronic diseases and aging. Archives of Toxicology, 97(10), 2499–2574.
11. Hadwan, M. H., & Ali, S. K. (2018). New spectrophotometric assay for assessments of catalase activity in biological samples. Analytical Biochemistry, 542, 29–33.
12. Zhang, C., Bruins, M. E., Yang, Z. Q., Liu, S. T., & Rao, P. F. (2016). A new formula to calculate activity of superoxide dismutase in indirect assays. Analytical Biochemistry, 503, 65–67.
13. Sariri, R., Sajedi, R. H., & Jafarian, V. (2006). Inhibition of horseradish peroxidase activity by thiol type inhibitors. Journal of Molecular Liquids, 123(1), 20–23.
14. You, L., Xu, Z., Liu, Q., Jin, G., & Wang, C. (2025). Tumor marker elevations in chronic kidney disease: A retrospective study. PeerJ, 13, e19240.
15. Hazra, A., Chakraborty, J., & Mandal, S. (2025). Elevated CA125 reflects disrupted albumin-sodium homeostasis in maintenance hemodialysis. European Journal of Cardiovascular Medicine, 15, 630–640.
16. Nikitiuk, B. E., Rydzewska-Rosołowska, A., Kakareko, K., Głowińska, I., & Hryszko, T. (2024). On whether CA-125 is the answer for diagnosing overhydration, particularly in end-stage kidney disease patients—A systematic review. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 25(4), 2192.
17. Vida, C., Oliva, C., Yuste, C., Ceprián, N., Caro, P. J., Valera, G., et al. (2021). Oxidative stress in patients with advanced CKD and renal replacement therapy: The key role of peripheral blood leukocytes. Antioxidants, 10(7), 1155.
18. Hong, Y. A., & Park, C. W. (2021). Catalytic antioxidants in the kidney. Antioxidants, 10(1), 130.
19. Sagar, P., Shekhar, R., Pranay, K., Singh, P. P., & Kumar, P. (2026). Oxidant and antioxidant levels in different stages of chronic kidney disease. Cureus, 18(1).
20. Sung, C. C., Hsu, Y. C., Chen, C. C., Lin, Y. F., & Wu, C. C. (2013). Oxidative stress and nucleic acid oxidation in patients with chronic kidney disease. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, 2013, 301982.
21. Crawford, A., Fassett, R. G., Coombes, J. S., Kunde, D. A., Ahuja, K. D. K., Robertson, I. K., et al. (2011). Glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase and catalase genotypes and activities and the progression of chronic kidney disease. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation, 26(9), 2806–2813.
22. Yüzbaşıoğlu, Y., Hazar, M., Aydın Dilsiz, S., Yücel, C., Bulut, M., Cetinkaya, S., et al. (2024). Biomonitoring of oxidative-stress-related genotoxic damage in patients with end-stage renal disease. Toxics, 12(1), 69.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 فؤاد عبدالرحمن محمود كيمياء حياتية\ قسم الكيمياء \ كلية التربية للعلوم الصرفة \ جامعة تكريت، أ.م.د. عمر علي كنوش كيمياء حياتية\ قسم الكيمياء \ كلية التربية للعلوم الصرفة \ جامعة تكريت
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
