Synthesis and Characterization of Biomimetic 46S19 Bioactive Glass Coated with Ajwa Date Seed Powder and Arabic Gum for Bone Tissue Engineering Applications
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.31185/bsj.Vol23.Iss48.1873Keywords:
46S19 bioactive glass; Ajwa date seed powder; Arabic Gum; Hybrid biocomposite; Sol–gel method; Biomaterials; Bone tissue engineeringAbstract
In the present study, a biomimetic hybrid biocomposite system based on 46S19 bioactive glass was successfully synthesized using the sol–gel method for potential bone tissue engineering applications. The prepared bioactive glass was coated with a natural bioactive suspension composed of Ajwa date seed powder and Arabic gum to enhance surface bioactivity and functional performance. The developed hybrid biocomposite was characterized using X-ray fluorescence (XRF), X-ray diffraction (XRD), field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). XRF analysis confirmed the successful preparation of the targeted oxide composition of the synthesized bioactive glass. XRD results revealed the coexistence of amorphous and partially crystalline phases, including calcium silicate and apatite-related structures, indicating favorable physicochemical and structural characteristics. FE-SEM observations showed a porous, rough microstructure with interconnected pore channels, while EDS confirmed the major constituent elements (O, Si, Ca, P, and Na), consistent with the XRF results. The obtained results confirmed the successful synthesis and coating of the developed hybrid biocomposite system and demonstrated promising physicochemical characteristics.
Overall, the developed biomimetic hybrid biocomposite exhibited favorable structural, morphological, and elemental characteristics, making it a promising material for biomaterial and bone tissue engineering applications.
References
References
1. Aalto-Setälä, L., Siekkinen, M., Lindfors, N., & Hupa, L. (2023). Dissolution of Glass–Ceramic Scaffolds of Bioactive Glasses 45S5 and S53P4. Biomedical Materials & Devices, 1(2). https://doi.org/10.1007/s44174-022-00059-4.
2. Adams, L. A., Essien, E. R., Adesalu, A. T., & Julius, M. L. (2017). Bioactive glass 45S5 from diatom biosilica. Journal of Science: Advanced Materials and Devices, 2(4), 476–482. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsamd.2017.09.002
3. Ahmed, H. S., Majeed, S. M.,&Ahmed, D. S. (2021). Effect of Variation MWCNTs in Synthesis Zirconia Prepared by Uniaxial Pressed Technique. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 2114(1), 012064. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2114/1/012064
4. Ahmed, H. S., Majeed, S. M., Ahmed, D. S., & Taha, A. A. (2025). Investigations on physico-morphology and spectral studies of fluorapatite-doped 46S19 bioactive glass hybrid biocomposites coated with gum Arabic and Ajwa seed powder for enhanced osteogenic applications. Experimental and Theoretical Nanotechnology, 2025(Special issue), 147–156. https://doi.org/10.56053/9.S.147
5. Bahniuk, M. S., Pirayesh, H., Singh, H. D., Nychka, J. A., & Unsworth, L. D. (2012). Bioactive glass 45S5 powders: Effect of synthesis route and resultant surface chemistry and crystallinity on protein adsorption from human plasma. Biointerphases, 7(1–4). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13758-012-0041-y
6. Bretcanu, O., Chatzistavrou, X., Paraskevopoulos, K., Conradt, R., Thompson, I., & Boccaccini, A. R. (2009). Sintering and crystallisation of 45S5 Bioglass® powder. Journal of the European Ceramic Society, 29(16). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2009.06.035
7. Da Cruz, A. C. C., Pochapski, M. T., Tramonti, R., Da Silva, J. C. Z., Antunes, A. C., Pilatti, G. L., & Santos, F. A. (2008). Evaluation of physical-chemical properties and biocompatibility of a microrough and smooth bioactive glass particles. Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Medicine, 19(8), 2809–2817. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10856-008-3407-4
8. Fernandes, H. R., Gaddam, A., Rebelo, A., Brazete, D., Stan, G. E., & Ferreira, J. M. F. (2018). Bioactive glasses and glass-ceramics for healthcare applications in bone regeneration and tissue engineering. In Materials (Vol. 11, Number 12). MDPI AG. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma11122530
9. Feroz, S., Cathro, P., Ivanovski, S., & Muhammad, N. (2023). Biomimetic bone grafts and substitutes: A review of recent advancements and applications. Biomedical Engineering Advances, 6, 100107. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bea.2023.100107
10. Fiume, E., Barberi, J., Verné, E., & Baino, F. (2018). Bioactive glasses: From parent 45S5 Composition to Scaffold-Assisted Tissue-Healing Therapies. In Journal of Functional Biomaterials (Vol. 9, Number 1). MDPI AG. https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb9010024
11. Galefi, A., Nourany, M., Hosseini, S., Alipour, A., Azari, S., Jahanfar, M., Farrokhi, N., Homaeigohar, S., & Shahsavarani, H. (2023). Enhanced osteogenesis on proantocyanidin-loaded date palm endocarp cellulosic matrices: A novel sustainable approach for guided bone regeneration. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 242. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.124857
12. Gao, Y., Seles, M. A., & Rajan, M. (2023). Role of bioglass derivatives in tissue regeneration and repair: A review. In Reviews on Advanced Materials Science (Vol. 62, Number 1). Walter de Gruyter GmbH. https://doi.org/10.1515/rams-2022-0318
13. Hammed, M., Abbood, M., & Majeed, S. (2024). Enhancing Dental Ceramic Prostheses with Zirconia Nanocomposites: An In-Vitro Study on Hard Tissue Rehabilitation. Annales de Chimie: Science Des Materiaux, 48(2), 137–151. https://doi.org/10.18280/ACSM.480201
14. Hench, L. L., & Jones, J. R. (2015). Bioactive glasses: Frontiers and Challenges. In Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology (Vol. 3, Number NOV). Frontiers Media S.A. https://doi.org/10.3389/fbioe.2015.00194
15. Hong, Z., Reis, R. L., & Mano, J. F. (2009). Preparation and in vitro characterization of novel bioactive glass ceramic nanoparticles. Journal of Biomedical Materials Research - Part A, 88(2), 304–313. https://doi.org/10.1002/jbm.a.31848
16. Inegbedion, F., Okojie, V. U., & Egharevba, F. (2021). Physicochemical Properties of Gum Arabic. Organic Polymer Material Research, 2(2), 13–15. https://doi.org/10.30564/opmr.v2i2.2592
17. Jolly, R., Furkan, M., Khan, A. A., Ahmed, S. S., Alam, S., Farooqi, M. A., Khan, R. H., & Shakir, M. (2021). Synthesis and characterization of β-cyclodextrin/carboxymethyl chitosan/hydroxyapatite fused with date seed extract nanocomposite scaffolds for regenerative bone tissue engineering. Materials Advances, 2(17), 5723–5736. https://doi.org/10.1039/d1ma00286d
18. Jolly, R., Khan, A. A., Ahmed, S. S., Alam, S., Kazmi, S., Owais, M., Farooqi, M. A., & Shakir, M. (2020). Bioactive Phoenix dactylifera seeds incorporated chitosan/hydroxyapatite nanoconjugate for prospective bone tissue engineering applications: A bio-synergistic approach. Materials Science and Engineering C, 109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2019.110554
19. Jones, J. R. (2013). Review of bioactive glass: From Hench to hybrids. In Acta Biomaterialia (Vol. 9, Number 1, pp. 4457–4486). Elsevier Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2012.08.023
20. Khalid, S., Khalid, N., Khan, R. S., Ahmed, H., & Ahmad, A. (2017). A review on chemistry and pharmacology of Ajwa date fruit and pit. In Trends in Food Science and Technology (Vol. 63, pp. 60–69). Elsevier Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2017.02.009
21. Makar, L. E., Nady, N., Abd El-Fattah, A., Shawky, N., & Kandil, S. H. (2022). Unmodified Gum Arabic/Chitosan/Nanohydroxyapatite Nanocomposite Hydrogels as Potential Scaffolds for Bone Regeneration. Polymers, 14(15). https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14153052
22. Mehatlaf, A. A., Atiyah, A. A., & Farid, S. B. H. (2022). Evaluation of mechanical and morphology properties of porous bioactive glass scaffolds. AIP Conference Proceedings, 2450. https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0094716
23. Mirza, S., Jolly, R., Zia, I., Saad Umar, M., Owais, M., & Shakir, M. (2020). Bioactive Gum Arabic/κ-Carrageenan-Incorporated Nano-Hydroxyapatite Nanocomposites and Their Relative Biological Functionalities in Bone Tissue Engineering. ACS Omega, 5(20), 11279–11290. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.9b03761
24. Moorthi, A., Parihar, P. R., Saravanan, S., Vairamani, M., & Selvamurugan, N. (2014). Effects of silica and calcium levels in nanobioglass ceramic particles on osteoblast proliferation. Materials Science and Engineering C, 43, 458–464. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2014.07.040
25. Nommeots-Nomm, A., & Massera, J. (2017). Glass and Glass-Ceramic Scaffolds: Manufacturing Methods and the Impact of Crystallization on In-Vitro Dissolution. In Scaffolds in Tissue Engineering - Materials, Technologies and Clinical Applications. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.70242
26. Nweze Nwogu, C., Nwaiwu, U., Uchechukwu Udo, V., James Nwosu, O., & Ezenwa Hart, C. (2022). Effect of date seed granules on the mechanical properties of Glass fibre reinforced epoxy composite. Cleaner Materials, 6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clema.2022.100160
27. Palakurthy, S., Reddy, K. V., Patel, S., & Azeem, P. A. (2020). A cost effective SiO2–CaO–Na2O bio-glass derived from bio-waste resources for biomedical applications. Progress in Biomaterials, 9(4), 239–248. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40204-020-00145-0
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 م.م.هدير شهاب أحمد الهيأة الوطنية للرقابة النووية والإشعاعية والكيميائية والبايولوجية (I-NRC)/ مجلس الوزراء/ بغداد، العراق، أ.د.سدير موفق مجيد قسم علم المواد الطبية والصناعية / كلية العلوم التطبيقية / الجامعة التكنولوجية، بغداد، العراق، أ.د.ضحى سعدي أحمد قسم الفيزياء التطبيقية / كلية العلوم التطبيقية / الجامعة التكنولوجية، بغداد، العراق، أ.د.علي عبد الرحمن طه قسم التقنيات الاحيائية / كلية العلوم التطبيقية / الجامعة التكنولوجية، بغداد، العراق
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
