Journal of basic sciences
type: channel
description: A Specialized Journal In The Humanities, Scientific, Educational and Psychological Sciences, and Teaching Methods for Basic Sciences
publisher: Wasit University
language: en
publication name: Journal of basic sciences
issn: 2306-5249
items: The phonetic approach in Al-Zamakhshari's book "The Golden Necklaces in Sermons and Orations
items: Introducing the Beta-Shifted Power Family: A New Generator for Modeling Reliability and Survival Time
items: Number of Biochemical Variables in Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
items: A mathematical control model for commercial fishing through Numerical Differentiation Optimization
items: Correlation between Hyperglycemia and Potassium metabolism in Iraqi patients with Type 2 Diabetic Mellitus: A case control study
items: Educational Upbringing in Kindergarten and its Relationship to Protecting Children from Cyber-Terrorism
items: Estimating the Volume of Water Erosion in Shor Ab Valley، East of Wasit Governorate، Using the EPM (Gavrilović) Model with GIS and RS
items: Optimization of Pyocyanin, a Redox Metabolite, Production from Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Evaluation of its Cytotoxic Efficacy against MDA-MB231 and MCF-7 Cell Lines
items: Self-regulation of cognitive processes among university students
items: The Relations between the Greek Colonies in Sicily and Corinth in the Fifth Century BCE
items: The Level of Blended Learning Employment among Arabic Language Teachers in Teaching Dictation at the Primary Stage
items: Investigation of the effect of Coxsackieviruse B (CVB), Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV1), and Parvovirus(B19), in patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus
items: Spatial Analysis of Students in Accelerated Education Schools in the Districts of Wasit Governorate
items: Optimism and its Relationship to Psychological Stress among Healthcare Workers
items: Genotypic profiling of virulence factors and serogroup variability in septicemia-associated Escherichia coli
items: Spatial Analysis of Gifted Schools in Al-Kut City and Evaluation of Their Efficiency
items: The poetic play between history and literary imagination is the play "The last thing the pilgrims said as a model"
items: Musical Concepts in the Science of Badi’
items: Spatial analysis of the phenomenon of school dropout in primary schools in Kirkuk Governorate
items: Digital Assessment of Spatial and Temporal Land Cover Changes in Baghdad Governorate Using Remote Sensing Data for the Period (1995-2025
items: The Effect of Temperature and Relative Humidity on Variability in Poultry Production Quantity In Al-Hilla District for the period (2018-2023)
items: The Political and Social Repercussions of Drug Abuse Crimes and Their Impact on Political Stability (A Community-Based Study
items: The Development of Military and Defense Diplomacy in Egypt (1973-1979): A Historical Study of Their Role in National Security
items: (effect of using the learning contracts strategy on achievement and acquisition scientific concepts among third-year middle school students in biologe)
items: The extent to which biology teachers use artificial intelligence tools in teaching middle school students
items: Association of DLL3 Gene Expression with Lymph Node Metastasis in Iraqi Patients with Sporadic Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma
items: Evaluation of the Effect of green Tea leaf Extract on the Antibiotic Resistance of Escherichia.coli
items: The Role of Working Women in Supporting Family Economic Stability A field study in Al-Adhamiya
items: The Effect of the Robot Strategy on Achievement in Biology among Fourth-Grade Scientific Female Students and Their Skillful Thinking
items: Review of Narrative Psychology through of the Cognitive Paradigm

The phonetic approach in Al-Zamakhshari's book "The Golden Necklaces in Sermons and Orations
type: item
description: There is no doubt that sound plays a significant role in constructing text and forming meaning, as it is the first cell in sentence structure. Through sound, different meanings can be distinguished, and the phonetic approach is one of the most important methods used to eliminate dissonance and the muscular effort resulting from these sounds, by influencing their interaction within the flow of speech. Therefore, this research sought to demonstrate the phonetic approach in Al-Zamakhshari'sbook, "The Golden Necklaces in Sermons and Orations," by examining the most important phonetic phenomena present within it. Al-Zamakhshari employed these phenomena in his sermons and orations to create harmony and balance between disparate sounds in the context, in order to achieve his purpose easily and smoothly, and to influence and persuade the recipient without compromising the flow of the discourse. With the demonstration of Al-Zamakhshari’s intention in employing the phenomenon of assimilation in a phonetic and semantic manner, as well as employing substitution and similarity to get rid of the heavyness and dissonance and to push the chain of speech towards flow and fluency while preserving the spirit of the meaning that he wants to convey to the recipients.
subject: Articles
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subject: Array
  topic: keywords
creator: ALI AWAD MAIZAR
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 أ.م.د. علي عواد ميزر جامعة المثنى- كلية التربية الأساسية https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-03-01
publication date: 2026-03-01
starting page: 321
ending page: 338
doi: 10.31185/bsj.Vol21.Iss38.1598

Introducing the Beta-Shifted Power Family: A New Generator for Modeling Reliability and Survival Time
type: item
description: In this work, we propose the Beta-Shifted Power (BSP) generator, a flexible three-parameter family constructed using a shifted-power transformation of an existing baseline model for the generation of new lifetime distributions. The BSP family is formulated theoretically, comprising the probability density function (PDF), cumulative distribution function (CDF), reliability measures, and significant structural properties. Maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) of model parameters is derived, and an investigation into small sample properties is conducted via Monte-Carlo simulation. A comprehensive simulation study was conducted using a Weibull baseline, demonstrating that the BSP generator provides stable and consistent parameter estimation as sample size increases. The model successfully resolves identifiability issues found in simpler baseline configurations. The paper concludes with proposed remedies and avenues for future research, such as different settings for the baseline sequence and improved estimation techniques. In summary, the findings highlight that new generator families should be carefully analyzed regarding identifiability conditions.
subject: Articles
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subject: Array
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creator: Ammar Abdul Sattar Abdul Jabbar
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 عمار عبد الستار عبد الجبار جامعة محقق اردبيلي/كلية العلوم/قسم الرياضيات https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-03-01
publication date: 2026-03-01
starting page: 543
ending page: 563
doi: 10.31185/bsj.Vol21.Iss37.1438

Number of Biochemical Variables in Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
type: item
description: The current study investigated polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and its impact on several variables related to female infertility and elevated body mass index (BMI). The study included two groups of women: a control group (15 women aged 25-35 years) and a patient group (20 women) of the same age group. The study included measuring the levels of sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG)، anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH)، insulin resistance، and magnesium levels. The results showed a significant decrease in sex hormone-binding globulin levels in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) compared to the control group. Conversely، the results showed a significant increase in anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) levels in women with PCOS compared to the control group. The study also indicated a significant increase in insulin resistance in the PCOS group compared to the control group، The results showed a significant decrease in magnesium in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) compared to normal women. From these results، it can be concluded that PCOS significantly and directly affects many variables closely related to obesity and female infertility، and these variables may be important indicators of the development of infertility and obesity.
subject: Articles
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subject: Array
  topic: keywords
creator: Reem Nawaf Hamdoon Abd
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 ريم نواف حمدون عبد جامعة الموصل / كلية العلوم https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-03-01
publication date: 2026-03-01
starting page: 155
ending page: 167
doi: 10.31185/bsj.Vol21.Iss37.1508

A mathematical control model for commercial fishing through Numerical Differentiation Optimization
type: item
description: Commercial fishing in which fishermen seek to rely on an integrated profit function to optimally control the cost of fishing and revenues from fish sales. Fishing is influenced by the number of fish caught each year. The goal is to maximize fishing returns over 5 years. If there is overfishing (high v), subsequent years' revenues decline, and the fish population does not recover. This control problem boils down to finding the optimal form of extraction to maximize the profit of commercial fishing. Create a mathematical model to solve the problem of economic control of optimal commercial fishing. So we used software to optimize and display the results
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Array
  topic: keywords
creator: Karrar Habeeb Hashim
creator: Mazin Kareem Kadhim Marjan
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 م. د. كرار حبيب هاشم المديرية العامة للتربية في بابل، وزارة التربية والتعليم الرياضيات التطبيقية، م. د. مازن كريم كاظم مرجان المديرية العامة للتربية في بابل، وزارة التربية والتعليم الرياضيات التطبيقية https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-03-01
publication date: 2026-03-01
starting page: 609
ending page: 622
doi: 10.31185/bsj.Vol21.Iss37.1562

Correlation between Hyperglycemia and Potassium metabolism in Iraqi patients with Type 2 Diabetic Mellitus: A case control study
type: item
description: Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM), a growing metabolic disease that is expected to affect 693 million people by 2045. Hyperglycemia is associated with defect in ionic metabolism, particularly potassium (K+). The current study aimed to explore correlation between serum potassium levels and hyperglycemia, as well as other complication in patients with T2DM . This study included 100 T2DM patients (50 males and 50 females) , aged 40-75 years . A control groups was matched with patient in both age and numbers of participants . Total serum potassium and fasting serum glucose levels were determined using ready-made solutions for the Quantitative determination of potassium ion (IVD). The results revealed significantly lower serum potassium levels in T2DM patients compared with healthy controls (3.493±0.0389 mmol/L vs. 4.268±0.05 mmol/L; P= 0.0001). Female patients showed significantly lower serum potassium levels than controls (4.236±0.069 mmol/L vs. 3.502±0.065 mmol/L; p= 0.0001).Similarly, male patients exhibited significantly lower serum potassium levels compared with controls (3.484±0.043 mmol/L vs. 4.30±0.073 mmol/L; p=0.0001). Additionally , a strong negative correlation was observed between serum glucose levels and potassium concentration in patients, with a regression value of 0.88 and high statistical significance (p<0.001). Conclusion: our finding has explored the a strong negative correlation between elevated glucose levels and decreased in potassium concentration in T2DM patients.
subject: Articles
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subject: Array
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creator: Layth Ammar Chyad
creator: Wisam Haseeb Shakir
creator: Zafir Hassan Ghali
creator: Ali Saad Al-budairi
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 م.م.ليث عمار شياد جامعة واسط/كلية التربية الاساسية، م.م.وسام حسيب شاكر جامعة واسط/كلية التربية الاساسية، أ.د. ظافر حسن غالي كلية التربية للعلوم الصرفة، أ.م.د.علي سعد البديري جامعة واسط/كلية التربية الاساسية https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-03-01
publication date: 2026-03-01
starting page: 511
ending page: 528
doi: 10.31185/bsj.Vol21.Iss37.1559

Educational Upbringing in Kindergarten and its Relationship to Protecting Children from Cyber-Terrorism
type: item
description: Childhood is a sensitive and critical stage in the life of every child, as it often represents the educational institution where most intentional and unintentional learning processes occur. This stage poses risks in terms of what the child acquires or learns, as cyber terrorism is considered one of the most dangerous threats a child can face at an early age. Therefore, it is crucial to focus on and study preschool children and the role of kindergartens in protecting them from the dangers of terrorism. Based on this, the researcher studied the role of kindergartens in protecting children from the dangers of cyber terrorism. To achieve the objectives of the current research, the researcher constructed two scales: (1) "Educational Upbringing of the Child" and (2) "Cyber Terrorism Affecting the Child". After presenting an open questionnaire to kindergarten teachers to identify the methods of upbringing in kindergartens and the cyber terrorism affecting children, the researcher obtained a set of items comprising 25 items for the "Educational Upbringing" scale and 25 items for the "Cyber Terrorism" scale. The face validity of the items was established by presenting the scale to a group of experts in psychology and early childhood education. The researcher utilized these scales to collect data and information after presenting an open questionnaire to kindergarten teachers. After extracting the items, the researcher ended up with 25 items for each scale. The study sample consisted of 150 kindergarten teachers. The researcher employed statistical methods, such as Pearson's correlation coefficient and the standard deviation, to analyze the data and derive the results. The findings indicated that there is an educational upbringing in kindergartens and no presence of cyber terrorism among children. Furthermore, there is a correlation between educational upbringing and cyber terrorism. The most important recommendation from the current research is to raise awareness among parent…
subject: Articles
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subject: Array
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creator: Suad Abdullah Dawoud
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 أ.م.د. سعاد عبدالله داود موزان جامعة واسط / كلية التربية الأساسية / قسم رياض الأطفال https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-03-01
publication date: 2026-03-01
starting page: 459
ending page: 489
doi: 10.31185/bsj.Vol21.Iss37.1556

Estimating the Volume of Water Erosion in Shor Ab Valley، East of Wasit Governorate، Using the EPM (Gavrilović) Model with GIS and RS
type: item
description: Water erosion is one of the most significant geomorphological processes affecting semi-arid environments، as it contributes to soil disintegration and the alteration of landforms، which in turn negatively impacts agricultural productivity and the sustainability of land use. This study aims to estimate the volume of water erosion in the Shor Ab Valley، located east of Wasit Governorate، by applying the Gavrilovic Model (EPM) integrated with Remote Sensing (RS) techniques and Geographic Information Systems (GIS). Topographic، climatic، and geological data، along with satellite imagery، were employed to derive the variables influencing erosion such as slope، soil characteristics، vegetation cover، and drainage network. The analysis revealed that the Shor Ab Valley is exposed to varying levels of erosion، with moderate to severe categories dominating large parts of the basin، while limited areas exhibited very low to low erosion. The findings also showed that the absence of vegetation cover and the intensification of human activities such as grazing، plowing، quarrying، and land clearing have contributed to the acceleration of erosion، especially in areas of steep slopes. Consequently، the study demonstrated that integrating the EPM model with GIS and RS provides high accuracy in identifying erosion hotspots and producing spatially precise maps، which support decision-making for sustainable land management and mitigating the risks of environmental degradation.
subject: Articles
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subject: Array
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creator: Abbas Fadel Ubayd Al-Qarah Ghuli
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 أ.م.د. عباس فاضل عبيد القره غولي كلية التربية الأساسية/جامعة واسط https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-03-01
publication date: 2026-03-01
starting page: 233
ending page: 264
doi: 10.31185/bsj.Vol21.Iss38.1554

Optimization of Pyocyanin, a Redox Metabolite, Production from Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Evaluation of its Cytotoxic Efficacy against MDA-MB231 and MCF-7 Cell Lines
type: item
description: Pseudomonas aeruginosa secretes a blue-green phenazine pigment known as pyocyanin, a redox metabolite that has emerged as a promising natural compound with potent antimicrobial and anticancer properties. This study was designed to optimize pyocyanin production conditions from clinical isolates of P. aeruginosa and to evaluate its cytotoxic activity against two human breast cancer cell lines, MDA-MB231 and MCF-7. Nutritional and environmental parameters — including carbon source, nitrogen source, pH, temperature, and incubation time — were systematically optimized to maximize pyocyanin yield. Statistical experimental designs based on response surface methodology (RSM) were employed to identify the factors most significantly influencing pigment production. The purified, lyophilized pyocyanin was subsequently assessed for anticancer activity using the MTT assay and morphological examination. Findings indicated that optimized production conditions yielded significantly higher pyocyanin levels compared to basal media, demonstrating sufficient quantities for potential therapeutic application. Cytotoxicity assays revealed dose-dependent inhibition of breast cancer cell proliferation, with both MDA-MB231 and MCF-7 cell lines demonstrating sensitivity to pyocyanin treatment. IC₅₀ values were determined, and cell death pathways, including apoptosis and necrosis, were characterized through fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry. In conclusion, optimized conditions significantly enhanced pyocyanin production from Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The purified compound exhibited dose-dependent cytotoxicity against MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 breast cancer cells, inducing apoptosis and necrosis, suggesting its promising potential as a natural anticancer agent
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Array
  topic: keywords
creator: Anfal Izaldeen Mutar AL KATEEB
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 م.د.انفال عز الدين مطر الخطيب جامعة واسط / كلية التربية الاساسية /قسم العلوم https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-03-01
publication date: 2026-03-01
starting page: 585
ending page: 607
doi: 10.31185/bsj.Vol21.Iss37.1553

Self-regulation of cognitive processes among university students
type: item
description: Self-regulation of cognitive processes is defined as the activity exerted by learners starting from receiving information, representing and integrating it into their cognitive structure, and then using it to achieve the intended goals. Helping students develop these concepts appears increasingly important to meet the challenges they may face in the future. From this perspective, the present study aimed to identify: The level of self-regulation of cognitive processes among preparatory school students. Statistically significant differences in self-regulation of cognitive processes according to the variables of gender and specialization. The study was limited to fourth-grade secondary school students of both genders (male and female) and both specializations (scientific and literary). A sample of (200) male and female students was selected using a stratified random sampling method with equal distribution. To achieve the objectives of the study, the researcher adopted the Self-Regulation of Cognitive Processes Scale developed by Miller and Kelly (2004), which in its initial form consisted of (30) items distributed across six domains: attention focusing, reflection–impulsivity, self-control, skills organization, perseverance, and self-regulation. Two types of validity were established: face validity and construct validity. Reliability was determined using the test–retest method, yielding a reliability coefficient of (0.76), while the split-half method produced a reliability coefficient of (0.78). The final version of the scale consisted of (30) items. After administering the instrument to the research sample and statistically analyzing the collected data, the researcher reached the following results: students in the research sample generally demonstrated a good level of self-regulation of cognitive processes, as their mean score exceeded the hypothetical mean of the scale. Students in the scientific specialization showed a higher level of self-regulation of cognitive pro…
subject: Articles
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subject: Array
  topic: keywords
creator: Hazem Abdul Kadhim Hussein
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 م. د حازم عبد الكاظم حسين كلية التربية للعلوم الانسانية / جامعة واسط https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-03-01
publication date: 2026-03-01
starting page: 425
ending page: 454
doi: 10.31185/bsj.Vol21.Iss38.1549

The Relations between the Greek Colonies in Sicily and Corinth in the Fifth Century BCE
type: item
description: The study examined the nature of the relationships between Corinth and its colonies in Sicily during the fifth century BCE, with particular emphasis on the colony of Syracuse as the most prominent Corinthian outpost on the island. The research argued that these ties were not a form of direct subordination; rather, the colonies enjoyed a degree of political autonomy while maintaining historical, religious, and strategic connections with the mother city. Using a historical-analytical approach, the study traced the development of these relationships in the context of political and military changes, especially during the Peloponnesian Wars, drawing on both ancient Greek sources and modern scholarship. The findings indicated that Corinth’s stance toward its colonies was primarily guided by political and strategic interests rather than other considerations, and that the Peloponnesian conflict reshaped this relationship, giving it a clearer military dimension. The study concluded that Sicily occupied a central position in Greek politics, and that the relationship between Corinth and its colonies, such as Syracuse, exemplified a balance between autonomy and cooperation dictated by the political realities of the time.
subject: Articles
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subject: Array
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creator: Mohammed Shaalan Raham
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 م.محمد شعلان رحم جامعة واسط/كلية التربية الأساسية https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-03-15
publication date: 2026-03-15
starting page: 455
ending page: 484
doi: 10.31185/bsj.Vol21.Iss38.1546

The Level of Blended Learning Employment among Arabic Language Teachers in Teaching Dictation at the Primary Stage
type: item
description: The current research aims to identify the level of blended learning employment in teaching dictation at the primary stage and measure statistically significant differences at the level (0.05) in the level of blended learning employment according to the variables of gender (male – female), academic qualification (diploma – bachelor’s degree – postgraduate studies), and years of service (less than 5 years – 5-10 years – 10-15 years). To achieve these objectives, the researcher adopted the descriptive analytical approach. The research population consisted of Arabic language teachers in public primary schools affiliated with the Wasit Education Directorate – Al-Aziziyah District for the academic year (2025-2026). A sample of (100) male and female teachers was selected. The researcher used the SPSS program for statistical processing. The researcher reached a set of results, including that teachers use blended learning to a relatively high degree in teaching dictation, with variation among different dimensions. Planning for blended learning and classroom and digital management recorded the highest averages, while the executive and evaluative dimensions were relatively lower. Regarding the gender variable, the results showed that females outperformed males in the dimensions of planning and classroom management. Concerning the academic qualification variable, it was found that teachers with postgraduate studies recorded higher levels in planning and management compared to those with diplomas and bachelor's degrees. Regarding the years of service variable, the results showed that teachers with (less than 5 years) of experience have a greater ability to employ blended learning in some dimensions. The researcher also suggests conducting a study on the effectiveness of blended learning in developing students' critical thinking skills.
subject: Articles
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subject: Array
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creator: Milad Ibrahim Obaid
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 م.د ميلاد إبراهيم عبيد جامعة واسط – كلية التربية الأساسية https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-03-01
publication date: 2026-03-01
starting page: 395
ending page: 424
doi: 10.31185/bsj.Vol21.Iss38.1545

Investigation of the effect of Coxsackieviruse B (CVB), Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV1), and Parvovirus(B19), in patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus
type: item
description: Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is an autoimmune condition thought to arise from environmental exposures in genetically predisposed individuals. Enteroviruses have frequently been proposed as key candidates in triggering the disease. However, the current body of literature presents conflicting findings concerning the relationship between viral infections and T1DM, in addition to uncertainties surrounding first-line antiviral strategies for protective immunity The direct of this study was to examine the currency of three viruses which can cause dogged infections Coxsackievirus (B4), herpes simplex virus type1 (HSV-1), and parvovirus (B19) in patients with T1DM. Our study involved 68 T1DM patients and 24 healthy individuals as a control group. Blood was taken from all the study participants. Methodological considerations of the ELISA technique were used to measure virus antibodies. In general, our results showed that only CVB4 has a role in the development of T1DM patients. However B19 virus is useful in distinguishing between DM1 and LADA types, as well as between children and adults with T1DM disease, while no role for HSV-1 in T1DM patients.
subject: Articles
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subject: Array
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creator: Zaman Issa Hachim
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 م.م زمن عيسى حاجم حسين جامعة واسط \ كلية التربية الأساسية https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-03-01
publication date: 2026-03-01
starting page: 617
ending page: 636
doi: 10.31185/bsj.Vol21.Iss36.1544

Spatial Analysis of Students in Accelerated Education Schools in the Districts of Wasit Governorate
type: item
description: The study aims to identify the spatial analysis of students in accelerated education schools and their quantitative demographic characteristics, which include gender and age distribution, as well as the issues faced by students in the districts of Wasit Governorate, Official data from the Ministry of Education, specifically the General Directorate of Education in Wasit Governorate for the years 2005, 2015, and 2025 were utilized, along with a questionnaire form. The study followed a descriptive analytical approach, employing statistical analysis methods using the (SPSS) program, It relied on standardized scores and a three-point Likert scale, in addition to using cartographic representation with geographic maps related to the studied phenomenon, depending on the (Arc Map) program for drawing and preparing the maps. The study found that the number of accelerated education schools in the districts of Wasit Governorate increased significantly, which was accompanied by a rise in the number of students over the three years. It noted a lack of equity in distributing accelerated education schools between urban and rural areas, The study also revealed a higher number of male students compared to female students.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Array
  topic: keywords
creator: Saleema Joody Daham AL-Ghinimaui
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 م.د سليمة جودي دحام الغنيماوي وزارة التربية العراقية / المديرية العامة للتربية في محافظة واسط https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-03-01
publication date: 2026-03-01
starting page: 401
ending page: 433
doi: 10.31185/bsj.Vol21.Iss37.1543

Optimism and its Relationship to Psychological Stress among Healthcare Workers
type: item
description: The study aimed to examine the level of optimism and its relationship with psychological stress among employees in the healthcare sector. The research sample consisted of 400 male and female nurses. To achieve its objectives، the study adopted a descriptive correlational approach. The Optimism Scale developed by Eid et al. (2015) and the Psychological Stress Scale developed by Abu Al-Haseen (2010) were administered. The findings indicated that healthcare workers demonstrated a low level of optimism، alongside a high level of psychological stress. The results also revealed a statistically significant negative correlation between optimism and psychological stress، suggesting that higher levels of optimism are associated with lower levels of psychological stress among the participants. Based on these findings، the researcher proposed a set of recommendations and suggestions relevant to the study topic.
subject: Articles
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subject: Array
  topic: keywords
creator: Saad Abbas Oudah
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 م.د سعد عباس عودة كلية التربية للعلوم الانسانية / جامعة واسط https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-03-01
publication date: 2026-03-01
starting page: 21
ending page: 60
doi: 10.31185/bsj.Vol21.Iss38.1542

Genotypic profiling of virulence factors and serogroup variability in septicemia-associated Escherichia coli
type: item
description: Escherichia coli (E.coli) is a leading cause of bloodstream infection (BSI) and sepsis globally. For E. coli, the O-serogroups and VF genes in septicaemia isolates were determined and correlated with the severity of sepsis and outcome among patients. Eighty-six non-repetitive E. coli isolates were obtained from blood cultures of the septic cases, who were aged between 20 and 70 years. Haemolytic genes were detected by multiplex PCR, serogroups were classified, and the clinical and microbiologic factors related to the severity of illness and mortality were statistically analysed. High virulence genotypes having toxin genes, serum resistance genes, predominant dominant O-serogroups (O25/O6/O15), and multidrug resistant profiles were significantly associated with severe sepsis and in-hospital mortality. In this report, we add to the contribution of high-virulence genotypes (≥4 virulence genes, including toxin and complement resistance determinant) for E. coli septicaemia and predominant O-serogroups (O25/O6/O15) as independent predictors of severe clinical outcome, as well as in-hospital death rates, even more than multi-resistance phenotypes. These data provide evidence for integrating molecular virulence profiling in clinical risk stratification and antimicrobial stewardship programmes, particularly in resource-limited settings where focused intervention scales more effectively to impact outcomes.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Array
  topic: keywords
creator: Manar Naji Hamad
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 م.م. منار ناجي حمد جامعة واسط/كلية التربية الأساسية https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-03-01
publication date: 2026-03-01
starting page: 637
ending page: 663
doi: 10.31185/bsj.Vol21.Iss36.1539

Spatial Analysis of Gifted Schools in Al-Kut City and Evaluation of Their Efficiency
type: item
description: This study aims to examine the spatial distribution of schools for gifted students in the city of Al-Kut, to identify the numerical and relative distribution ) of students, classes, and teachers for the academic year 2024–2025, and to( evaluate their functional efficiency based on educational planning standards (quantitative and spatial). In addition, the study investigates an indicator of students’ satisfaction with the services provided in their schools through a field study using a questionnaire. The sample size for each school was determined according to the number of students enrolled in each, and the orientation of the sample for each school was identified using a three-point Likert scale. Statistical analysis was conducted to determine the general and overall trends of the sample using the Arabic Social Statistical Processing Program (APSS). The study reached several results, most notably the clear spatial disparity in the distribution of schools for gifted students across the sectors of Al-Kut city. It was found that each sector contains two schools for gifted students, with the exception of the Al-Karama sector, which lacks any school for gifted students. This indicates an inequitable distribution among the city’s sectors. The study also showed that these schools did not achieve functional efficiency according to the quantitative educational standards and spatial standards, whether in terms of surplus or deficit. With regard to satisfaction levels, the study concluded that the general trend of the overall sample of the study indicated a level of dissatisfaction with the services provided to them in their schools in general.
subject: Articles
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subject: Array
  topic: keywords
creator: Mona Abdul Ghani Majeed Al-Kadhemi
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 م. د منى عبد الغني مجيد الكاظمي وزارة التربية العراقية / المديرية العامة لتربية واسط https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-03-01
publication date: 2026-03-01
starting page: 199
ending page: 230
doi: 10.31185/bsj.Vol21.Iss37.1538

The poetic play between history and literary imagination is the play "The last thing the pilgrims said as a model"
type: item
description: <span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Aptos Display','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Aptos Display'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Aptos Display'; color: black; border: none; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 1.0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: miter; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 400.0%; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple;"> This research examines the relationship between history and literary imagination in the poetic drama, using the play "The Last Words of Al-Hajjaj" as a case study to explore the mechanisms by which historical events and figures are employed within the dramatic structure of the poem. The research stems from a central question: the extent to which the dramatic text adheres to historical accuracy, versus the artistic freedom afforded by literary imagination in reshaping events and characters. <span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Aptos Display','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Aptos Display'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Aptos Display'; color: black; border: none; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 1.0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: miter; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 400.0%; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple;"> The research employs a critical analytical approach, supported by descriptive and historical methods, to analyze the various levels of the text, particularly dialogue, character development, and dramatic events. The study reveals that the poetic drama does no…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Array
  topic: keywords
creator: Janan Ahmed Zeidan Khalaf
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 م.م جنان أحمد زيدان خلف جامعة ديالى/ كلية التربية للعلوم الإنسانية/ قسم اللغة العربية https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-03-01
publication date: 2026-03-01
starting page: 435
ending page: 458
doi: 10.31185/bsj.Vol21.Iss37.1536

Musical Concepts in the Science of Badi’
type: item
description: The musicality of Badi' (rhetorical figures) represents one of the most prominent aesthetic dimensions in Arabic poetry, owing to its inherent rhythmic and phonetic elements. Accordingly, this research investigates the impact of the rhetorical structure—with its underlying semantics and connotations—through the interaction of words and vocabulary. This connection substantially helps to enhancing and highlighting the musical and rhythmic aspects inside literary writings. Hence, the research focuses on the impact of Badi' musicality on both the rhythm of the poetic text and the poetic experience of chosen poets. This necessitates an elucidation of the concepts of Badi' and "musicality," alongside an examination of rhetoricians' perspectives on these two concepts. Subsequently, the research addresses the significance of musical analysis, the profound attention this concept has garnered among both classical and modern scholars, its efficacy in refining and embellishing speech, and its psychological impact on the human psyche and temperament. The research emphasizes on the investigation and evaluation of three distinct rhetorical figures: Repetition (Takrar), Paronomasia (Jinas), and Antithesis (Tadadd). By offering example poetic extracts for each, the study seeks to identify the tremendous influence of these personalities on the musicality of poetry. Consequently, this prompts a re-evaluation of the concept of poetic musicality beyond the traditional confines of prosody (‘Ilm al-‘Arud). This is based on the premise that the musical flow generated by poetry transcends formal meter, evoking a profound sense of aesthetic pleasure and emotional resonance that surpasses the mere structural constraints of poetic meters (Buhur) and their metrical feet (Taf'ilat). Indeed, Muslim philosophers and other scholars have historically conceptualized poetry as a language of evocation and imagination—a specialized linguistic application rather than a mere numerical meter formulated by …
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Array
  topic: keywords
creator: Furat Alwan Owaiz
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 م. د فرات علوان عويز الجامعة المستنصرية/ كلية التربية https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-03-01
publication date: 2026-03-01
starting page: 339
ending page: 356
doi: 10.31185/bsj.Vol21.Iss38.1533

Spatial analysis of the phenomenon of school dropout in primary schools in Kirkuk Governorate
type: item
description: School dropout is the interruption of a student's educational progress before completing their studies due to absenteeism. This problem plagues the education sector، particularly at the primary level، and its prevalence has led to the emergence of semi-literate segments of society. It is a serious demographic and social problem with negative repercussions for both the individual and society، Education is a cornerstone of national progress and development، impacting various aspects of life. This research examines the geographical distribution and analysis of primary school dropout rates in Kirkuk Governorate in 2025، finding that the dropout rate in primary schools reached 1.6%، The study found of the total number of registered students. It also showed that the highest dropout rates at the administrative unit level were recorded in the districts of Sarkaran and Al-Abbasi، at (4.1%) and (3.7%) respectively، while the lowest rates were recorded in the center of Al-Hawija district at (0.9%) Of the total number of students studying، the phenomenon is high among females at a rate of (1.7%) compared to (1.4%) for males، and economic and social variables and factors related to the educational system and the school have the greatest role in influencing the phenomenon.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Array
  topic: keywords
creator: Tariq Ahmed Khmmas Al-Bayaty
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 م. د طارق احمد خماس البياتي المديرية العامة للتربية في محافظة كركوك https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-03-01
publication date: 2026-03-01
starting page: 491
ending page: 510
doi: 10.31185/bsj.Vol21.Iss37.1532

Digital Assessment of Spatial and Temporal Land Cover Changes in Baghdad Governorate Using Remote Sensing Data for the Period (1995-2025
type: item
description: Digital classification processes are a fundamental tool for monitoring and analyzing spatiotemporal changes in land cover and land use. This research aims to track these transformations in Baghdad Province over a three-decade period، spanning from 1995 to 2025. The methodology relies on processing a series of satellite imagery from Landsat 5، 8، and 9، employing a comparative approach between unsupervised classification based on automated statistical clustering algorithms and supervised classification، which utilizes training samples to minimize spectral overlap and enhance accuracy. The findings reveal radical shifts in the region's geographical structure. We observe a consistent and extensive urban expansion، which has consumed vast land areas and reached near-total urban saturation in recent years. Conversely، the study uncovers a critical and alarming decline in water bodies، characterized by the shrinkage of surface water areas and the desiccation of significant portions of these areas. This trend coincides with a notable drop in the Tigris River's water levels، confirming the exacerbation of water scarcity and the decline in water supplies reaching the capital. Furthermore، the study documents the severe degradation of green spaces، with orchards and the surrounding green belt receding in favour of unregulated urban encroachment. This transition has led to an environmental imbalance and a significant alteration of the city’s geographical identity. The research concludes that Baghdad is undergoing an irregular urban transformation that has negatively impacted its natural resources. This situation places policymakers and urban planners under an urgent responsibility to adopt immediate strategies to protect the remaining water and vegetation resources، ensuring the capital's sustainability amidst increasing climatic challenges and population growth.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Array
  topic: keywords
creator: Huda Abdul Sahib Turaikhim Durris
creator: Hussein Mihyi Ali
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 هدى عبد الصاحب طريخم ضرس جامعة الكوفة/ كلية التربية للبنات، أ.د. حسين محي علي جامعة الكوفة/ كلية التربية للبنات https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-03-01
publication date: 2026-03-01
starting page: 485
ending page: 510
doi: 10.31185/bsj.Vol21.Iss38.1529

The Effect of Temperature and Relative Humidity on Variability in Poultry Production Quantity In Al-Hilla District for the period (2018-2023)
type: item
description: Three areas in the Hilla district were studied, namely the Hilla district center, Al- Kifl, and Abi Gharaq, for the period (2018-2023). The study clarified the role and impact of climatic elements, particularly temperature and relative humidity, on the variation in poultry production quantity and the number of farms prepared for production. It proved that the study area enjoys good climatic characteristics for expanding animal production (poultry), except for some cases that witness sharp changes in climatic elements that require human intervention using air conditioning and refrigeration technologies to cope with climatic fluctuations. The study confirmed the continued increase in production during the study years, as production did not fall below the required level. The year (2023) witnessed the highest value of poultry production, reaching approximately (2,340,917 kg/year) at the study area level, while the lowest value of production was recorded in (2018), reaching approximately (851,172 kg/year). As for the equantity of production at the administrative unit level, the Hilla district center rankd first, followed by the area (Al- Kifl) , then (Abi Gharq), ranked third in terms of the number of farms and the quantity of meat animal production, It is worth noting that there were no egg farms in the center of Hilla district area while the (AlKifl) region ranked first, followed by Abi Gharq, in terms of the quantity of production and the number of farms for animals dedicated to their egg production , the study also demonstrated a moderate positive correlation between temperature , the number of farms , and their production quantity for meat and eggs production , while poultry productivity and relative humidity were weakly inversely related in terms of the number of broods and their meat and egg production , . It is wort noting that there were no egg farms in the center of Al-Hillah district. The study also showed the role of other natural and human factors that compl…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Array
  topic: keywords
creator: Marwa Khadir Abbas Al- Ameedi
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 م . د مروه خضير عباس العميدي جامعة بابل / كلية التربية للعلوم الإنسانية https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-03-01
publication date: 2026-03-01
starting page: 357
ending page: 393
doi: 10.31185/bsj.Vol21.Iss38.1528

The Political and Social Repercussions of Drug Abuse Crimes and Their Impact on Political Stability (A Community-Based Study
type: item
description: Drug addiction is considered one of the most complex and dangerous phenomena affecting individuals and society, as it primarily targets youth and poses a serious threat to the present and future of society. This study aims to analyze the political and social repercussions of drug abuse crimes and their impact on political stability in Iraq in general, and in Wasit Governorate in particular, by identifying the main factors associated with this phenomenon. The importance of the study lies in addressing the issue of drug trafficking and abuse and their negative effects on social stability and, consequently, on the stability of the political process. The study adopted the descriptive-analytical approach to examine the impact of drugs on political stability.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Array
  topic: keywords
creator: Safa Abbas Abdulhussein Saad Al-Waeli
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 م.م صفا عباس عبدالحسين سعد الوائلي كلية القانون/ جامعة واسط https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-03-01
publication date: 2026-03-01
starting page: 213
ending page: 232
doi: 10.31185/bsj.Vol21.Iss38.1527

The Development of Military and Defense Diplomacy in Egypt (1973-1979): A Historical Study of Their Role in National Security
type: item
description: This research examines the evolution of military doctrine and defense diplomacy in Egypt from the October War of 1973 to 1979, demonstrating how their integration formed the cornerstone of Egyptian national security strategy. It highlights the methods employed by the state, utilizing its evolving military doctrine and defense diplomacy tools to bolster national security, address the challenges stemming from the June War defeat, and navigate the changes that followed the peace treaty between Egypt and Israel. The research emphasizes that this integration extended beyond the purely defensive aspect, serving as a mechanism to ensure national stability and enhance deterrence and influence on the international stage. This reflects the maturity of the Egyptian vision in managing national security during a pivotal period in its modern history. Furthermore, the research underscores the importance of the interaction between military doctrine and defense diplomacy in understanding the state's strategic policies, and it underscores the lessons learned after the October War and the peace treaty in shaping modern national.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Array
  topic: keywords
creator: Hajar Mahdi Khater Khudair
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 م.د. هاجر مهدي خاطر خضير .الجامعة العراقية/كلية التربية-الطارمية https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-03-01
publication date: 2026-03-01
starting page: 271
ending page: 291
doi: 10.31185/bsj.Vol21.Iss35.1526

(effect of using the learning contracts strategy on achievement and acquisition scientific concepts among third-year middle school students in biologe)
type: item
description: 1.Study objective: The aim of research is to determine the effect of the learning contracts strategy on the achievement and acquisition of scientific concepts among third-grade middle school students in biology.The research seeks to identify whether this strategy positively affects student performance comparison to the traditional method of teaching the same subject,by verifying the formulation of two null hypotheses as follows: 1.There is no statistically significant difference at the 0,05% level in the achievement test between the average scores of the experimental group that studied according to learning contracts and the average scores of the control group that studied according to the tradition method. 2. No statistically significant difference at the 0,05% level between the average scores of the experimental group and the control group in their acquisition of scientific concepts attributed to the learning contracts strategy. 2.Research community and sample: The research community was based on all third-grade middle school students at Al-Shaheed M0hand intermediate school,totaling (64) students,selected purposefully.Subsequentaly, study sample was chosen randomly and consisted two classes,one for the experimental group and the other for the control group,with each group comprising (32) students.The sample was matched on several variables including prior achievement,age,and intelligence,and the experiment was conducted in the first semester of the academic year(2025/2024). 3.Study Results: results of the study indicated a statistically significant difference between the average scores of the experimental group of third-grade middle school students who studied according to the learning contracts strategy in terms of achievement and acquisition of scientific concepts.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Array
  topic: keywords
creator: Ammar Akram Faleh Al-Obaidi
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 م. عمار اكرم فليح العبيدي وزارة لتربية/المديرية لعامة لتربية واسط متوسطة .ش.مهند السيفاوي للتعليم الأساسي الحلقة 2 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-03-01
publication date: 2026-03-01
starting page: 114
ending page: 141
doi: 10.31185/bsj.Vol21.Iss36.1525

The extent to which biology teachers use artificial intelligence tools in teaching middle school students
type: item
description: The research aimed to identify the extent to which biology teachers use artificial intelligence tools in teaching middle school students in Baghdad.The research sample consisted of (50) male and female teachers who teach biology in middle schools affiliated with the Al-Rusafa II Education Directorate/Baghdad. The researcher used a questionnaire related to their awareness and use of artificial intelligence tools, consisting of (30) items and (3) main areas, which are (producing smart content, automating educational tasks, preparing the infrastructure for the use of artificial intelligence), and each area includes (10) items. The validity and reliability of the study instrument were confirmed by applying it to a pilot sample of (22) male and female biology teachers at the intermediate level from within the same population. The research results showed that the extent to which biology teachers use artificial intelligence tools in teaching intermediate schools was limited The researcher suggested to the Ministry of Education that it conduct workshops and development courses for teaching staff in the field of biology regarding how to deal with technology and artificial intelligence while teaching their students, and prepare the technical resources and infrastructure to implement artificial intelligence technologies.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Array
  topic: keywords
creator: Samaa Ibrahim Abdullah
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 أ.م سماء ابراهيم عبدالله كلية التربية الاساسية / الجامعة المستنصرية https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-03-01
publication date: 2026-03-01
starting page: 61
ending page: 88
doi: 10.31185/bsj.Vol21.Iss38.1524

Association of DLL3 Gene Expression with Lymph Node Metastasis in Iraqi Patients with Sporadic Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma
type: item
description: Medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) is a rare and highly aggressive neuroendocrine tumor of the thyroid gland. Around three-fourths of cases are sporadic, and in 50% of these cases, there are somatic mutations in the RET proto-oncogene. Recently, delta-like ligand 3 (DLL3), which is broadly expressed in neuroendocrine tumors, emerged as a new target molecule. Therefore, the current analysis of the correlation of the overexpression of the DLL3 gene and its clinical value is of great interest. In this work, a total of 69 formalin-fixed, paraffin-sectioned sporadic medullary thyroid carcinoma samples were studied. Among those, 48 cases were already known to be associated with confirmed lymph node metastases, and 21 cases were stage I or stage II MTC without nodal involvement. Expression of the DLL3 gene was evaluated by RT-qPCR and correlated with clinical and pathological factors. High DLL3 gene expression was remarkably correlated with lymph node involvement, whereas tumors without stromal desmoplasia consistently exhibited an absence of DLL3 expression. These data emphasize the role of the DLL3 gene in MTC and its correlation with disease aggressiveness. It appears that DLL3 is an accurate surrogate marker for the presence of lymph node metastases and may similarly reflect disease aggressiveness. Given the theoretically promising role of DLL3 in the treatment of other tumors that express the gene, DLL3 may also serve as an alternative therapeutic target in MTC.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Array
  topic: keywords
creator: Mays Talib Abdallah
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 م. د. ميس طالب عبد الله كلية التقانات الحيوية، جامعة النهرين https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-03-01
publication date: 2026-03-01
starting page: 581
ending page: 599
doi: 10.31185/bsj.Vol21.Iss38.1522

Evaluation of the Effect of green Tea leaf Extract on the Antibiotic Resistance of Escherichia.coli
type: item
description: Background: Antibiotic resistance in Escherichia coli is a major concern for public health, as it reduces options to treat infections such at urinary tract infection (UTI). Green tea (Camellia sinensis) and other natural plant products have been of interest for their ability to modify antibiotic susceptibility of bacteria, a capacity largely attributed to bioactive polyphenols. Objective: The purpose of this work was to investigate in vitro the potential effect of green tea leaf ethanol extract on the antibiotic susceptibility of E. coli isolates. Materials and Methods: Green tea leaves was extracted using ethanol and re-dissolved 1% DMSO. Five concentrations of green tea leaves ethanol extract 0.60, 0.50, 0.30, 0.16 and 0.08 g/mL were studied. E. coli isolates were detected by biochemical procedures and further tested using a VITEK 2 compact analyzer according to their biological profile; susceptibility to different antibiotic types was also established. Results: Exposure to green tea leaf ethanol extract at 0.16g/ml and 0.08 g/mL concentrations was associated with notable changes in the antibiotic susceptibility profile of E. coli. The observed alterations included a shift from a generally susceptible profile to an extensively drug-resistant (XDR) phenotype under the experimental conditions. Conclusion: Findings suggest that green tea leaf ethanol extract may modulate E. coli antibiotic resistance profile in vitro, indicating potential relationship between plant compounds and microbial antibacterial resistance mechanisms necessitating additional exploration
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Array
  topic: keywords
creator: Ahmed Muzahem Shallal Al-Ani
creator: Farah M. Al-Qurashi
creator: Ali Muhsin Ali
creator: Ali Maki Hamed
creator: Wisam Hatem Abdullah
creator: Rayaheen mohammed tamken
creator: Doaa Abdullah Salman
creator: Osama Abdel-Hameed Majeed
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 م.م. أحمد مزاحم شلال كلية العلوم/جامعة بغداد/قسم علوم الحياة، م. د.فرح محمد صالح تركي كلية العلوم/جامعة بغداد/قسم علوم الحياة، م. علي محسن علي كلية العلوم/جامعة بغداد/قسم علوم الحياة، ، م.م.علي مكي حميد كلية العلوم/جامعة بغداد/قسم علوم الحياة، م.م. وسام حاتم عبد الله كلية العلوم/جامعة بغداد/قسم علوم الحياة، م.م.رياحين محمد تمكين كلية العلوم/جامعة بغداد، م.م. دعاء عبد الله سلمان كلية العلوم/جامعة بغداد، م. د.أسامة عبد الحميد كلية العلوم/جامعة بغداد/قسم علوم الحياة https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-03-01
publication date: 2026-03-01
starting page: 601
ending page: 619
doi: 10.31185/bsj.Vol21.Iss38.1521

The Role of Working Women in Supporting Family Economic Stability A field study in Al-Adhamiya
type: item
description: This study aims to shed light on the role of working women in supporting family livelihoods in Iraq. It focuses on identifying the nature of their contribution to family income, revealing the economic and social factors that motivate them to work, and determining the main challenges they face in balancing work responsibilities with family life. Furthermore, the study seeks to analyze the social and economic impacts of women's participation in supporting family income, particularly concerning family stability and improving the standard of living. The study employed a social survey method using a purposive sample, which consisted of 50 participants. Data collection focused on women's work outside the home, the factors influencing their participation, and their role in family financial management. Key Findings 1.The field study showed that 96% of women work outside the home primarily to earn a monthly salary, which contributes directly to supporting family needs. 2.The main factor preventing women from working is social constraints, affecting 60% of respondents, highlighting the influence of cultural and societal norms on women's employment. 3.Working women contribute to long-term savings and investment, which supports sustainable financial stability for the family. 4.Working women are considered a significant economic resource, aiding in family financial planning and increasing household flexibility in facing economic challenges.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Array
  topic: keywords
creator: Tabarak Sabah Rahoumi
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 م.م تبارك صباح رحومي وزارة التعليم العالي والبحث العلمي/ جهاز الاشراف والتقويم العلمي https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-03-01
publication date: 2026-03-01
starting page: 131
ending page: 153
doi: 10.31185/bsj.Vol21.Iss37.1520

The Effect of the Robot Strategy on Achievement in Biology among Fourth-Grade Scientific Female Students and Their Skillful Thinking
type: item
description: ​ The research aims to identify the effect of the robotics strategy on the achievement of biology among fourth-grade scientific female students and on their skilled thinking.” The researcher adopted a quasi-experimental design، as it is the most appropriate for this type of research. The study sample consisted of (70) female students، distributed into two groups: (35) students in the experimental group and (35) students in the control group. A total of 150 behavioral objectives were formulated، distributed across the six levels of Bloom’s taxonomy of behavioral objectives. The researcher prepared two instruments، one of which was an achievement test. The achievement test consisted of 50 multiple-choice items، each with four alternatives. The validity and reliability of the instrument were verified. The skilled thinking scale consisted of (56) items، and its psychometric properties were calculated. At the end of the experiment، the researcher administered the achievement test and the skilled thinking scale to the students of both research groups. The data were then collected and statistically analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). The results showed the superiority of the female students in the experimental group over those in the control group in achievement in biology and skilled thinking."
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Array
  topic: keywords
creator: rashaa abd hadi Salih
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 أ .م. د. رشا عبد الهادي صالح جامعة الكوفة/ كلية التربية للبنات https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-03-01
publication date: 2026-03-01
starting page: 231
ending page: 268
doi: 10.31185/bsj.Vol21.Iss37.1519

Review of Narrative Psychology through of the Cognitive Paradigm
type: item
description: The focus on language—nearly a century ago—pushed the humanities toward what became known as the Narrative Turn. This shift created a need within these disciplines, including psychology, to engage with narrative beyond its literary domain. Psychology thus moved toward this specialization due to its importance and as a way to mitigate the dominance of the cognitive paradigm, which had excluded crucial topics such as self and identity. Despite the growing significance of narrative psychology in universities, research centers, and therapeutic clinics worldwide, our Arab and local institutions have distanced themselves from this field, even though its theoretical and practical importance has been firmly established. Accordingly, this study aims to provide a critical review of narrative psychology in the Arab context, to alert specialists, researchers, and practitioners in the psychological field to its importance, and to identify the challenges hindering its growth and flourishing in the Arab world. It also raises the question of whether the Western cognitive paradigm can be applied to the Arab reality within this specialization (narrative psychology). The study relied on analyzing a number of books that addressed narrative psychology, most notably two works: Narrative Psychology by Julia Vassilieva, and Critical, Narrative, and Discursive Psychology: Selected Basic Texts by Parker and colleagues. In addition, several other books were consulted, which, although not directly dedicated to the subject, included chapters relevant to the study
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Array
  topic: keywords
creator: Aqeel Habeeb Obeid
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 م. د عقيل حبيب عبيد مديرية تربية الديوانية https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-03-01
publication date: 2026-03-01
starting page: 303
ending page: 320
doi: 10.31185/bsj.Vol21.Iss38.1518