دور البكتريا المحفزة لنمو النبات في تعديل ميكروبيوم منطقة الجذور في الطماطم (Solanum lycopersicum)

المؤلفون

  • م.م. رؤى سلام عباس جامعة واسط / كلية التربية الأساسية جامعة واسط كلية التربية الاساسية

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.31185/bsj.Vol22.Iss43.1669

الكلمات المفتاحية:

البكتيريا المحفزة لنمو النبات(PGPR)، نبات الطماطم (Solanum lycopersicum)، ميكروبيوم المنطقة المحيطة بالجذور ، الاجناس البكتيرية Bacillus & Pseudomonas ، تحفيز نمو النبات .

الملخص

يلعب التنوع الميكروبي في منطقة جذور الطماطم (الرايزوسفير) دورًا حاسمًا في نمو النبات وإنتاجيته من خلال تعزيز امتصاص العناصر الغذائية (وخاصة الفوسفور)، وتحفيز المقاومة الجهازية ضد الأمراض الفيروسية والبكتيرية، وتحسين صحة التربة، مما يؤدي إلى نباتات أقوى وإنتاجية أعلى. ويشمل ذلك استخدام الكائنات الحية الدقيقة النافعة (PGPR) كبديل للمبيدات الكيميائية، خاصة في مواجهة أمراض مثل التبقع البكتيري والذبول، وفقًا للدراسات البحثية.

في العراق، تشير الدراسات إلى أن التنوع الميكروبي في منطقة الجذور يؤثر بشكل كبير على نمو الطماطم وإنتاجيتها، حيث تعمل الكائنات الدقيقة النافعة (مثل فطرTrichoderma  وبكتيريا مثل( Bacillus subtilis على تعزيز نمو النبات وزيادة مقاومة الأمراض الفطرية مثل ذبول الفيوزاريوم، مما يزيد من وزن النبات وطوله وإنتاجيته في الظروف الحقلية، لا سيما استخدامها مع إلمحسنات مثل السماد العضوي (الكمبوست).     وتعد هذه الدراسات حيوية لتحسين الزراعة المستدامة في البلاد لمواجهة التحديات المناخية.

1:- تعزيز امتصاص العناصر الغذائية:

من خلال استخدام إذابة الفوسفور: يمكن لبعض البكتيريا إذابة الفوسفور المرتبط في التربة ، مما يجعله متاحًا لامتصاص النبات، وهو أمر حيوي للنمو وتكوين الثمار، كما أثبتت الدراسات في العراق.

وكذلك من خلال تثبيت النيتروجين؛ باستخدام الكائنات الحية الدقيقة التي يمكنها تثبيت النيتروجين الجوي وتحويله إلى اشكال يمكن للنبات الاستفادة منها.

2- المكافحة الحيوية للأمراض:

من خلال تحفيز المقاومة الجهازية المستحثة (ISR)، إذ تقوم بعض البكتيريا (مثل أنواع Pseudomonas المحلية) بتحفيز النباتات لتطوير مقاومة داخلية ضد مسببات الأمراض مثل فيروس تجعد واصفرار أوراق الطماطم (TYLCV).

كذلك التنافس مع المسببات الممرضية ، حيث تشغل الكائنات الحية الدقيقة النافعة المساحات الموجودة على الجذور وتستهلك العناصر الغذائية، مما يمنع مسببات الأمراض من التكاثر.

3:- تحسين الصحة العامة للتربة:

تساهم الكائنات الحية الدقيقة في تكوين المادة العضوية في التربة وزيادة قدرتها على الاحتفاظ بالماء والعناصر الغذائية. كما انها تساعد في تقليل الإجهاد على الجذور وتحسين قدرتها على امتصاص الماء والمغذيات.

المراجع

References

1. Abd El-Rahman, R., & Abo Taleb, H. (2020). Response of some new chickpea genotypes to rhizobial inoculation and foliar application with plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR). Journal of Plant Production, 11(2), 89–94. https://doi.org/10.21608/jpp.2020.79101

2. Abera, G., Ibrahim, A. M., Forsido, S. F., & Kuyu, C. G. (2020). Assessment on post-harvest losses of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentem M.) in selected districts of East Shewa Zone of Ethiopia using a commodity system analysis methodology. Heliyon, 6(4), e03749.

3. Agarwal, H., Dowarah, B., Baruah, P. M., Bordoloi, K. S., Krishnatreya, D. B., & Agarwala, N. (2020). Endophytes from Gnetum gnemon L. can protect seedlings against the infection of phytopathogenic bacterium Ralstonia solanacearum as well as promote plant growth in tomato. Microbiological Research, 238, 126503. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micres.2020.126503

4. Ahmad, I., & Zaib, S. (2020). Mighty microbes: Plant growth promoting microbes in soil health and sustainable agriculture. In Soil health (pp. 243–264). Springer.

5. Ahmed, B., Zaidi, A., Khan, M. S., Rizvi, A., Saif, S., & Shahid, M. (2017). Perspectives of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria in growth enhancement and sustainable production of tomato. In A. Zaidi & M. S. Khan (Eds.), Microbial strategies for vegetable production (pp. 125–149). Springer.

6. Ali, M. Y., Sina, A. A. I., Khandker, S. S., Neesa, L., Tanvir, E., Kabir, A., Khalil, M. I., & Gan, S. H. (2021). Nutritional composition and bioactive compounds in tomatoes and their impact on human health and disease: A review. Foods, 10(1), 45.

7. Almaghrabi, O. A., Massoud, S. I., & Abdelmoneim, T. S. (2013). Influence of inoculation with plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) on tomato plant growth and nematode reproduction under greenhouse conditions. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences, 20(1), 57–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sjbs.2012.10.004

8. Anith, K., Sreekumar, A., & Sreekumar, J. (2015). The growth of tomato seedlings inoculated with co-cultivated Piriformospora indica and Bacillus pumilus. Symbiosis, 65(1), 9–16. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13199-015-0313-7

9. Asfaw, D. M. (2021). Analysis of technical efficiency of smallholder tomato producers in Asaita district, Afar National Regional State, Ethiopia. PLoS One, 16(9), e0257366. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0257366

10. Ashinie, S. K., & Tefera, T. T. (2019). Horticultural crops research and development in Ethiopia: Review on current status. Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare, 9(13), 1–14.

11. Assouguem, A., Hamadi, Y., Amiri, S., Mokrini, F., Ennahli, S., & Lahlali, R. (2024). Exploring the impact of water stress and PGPR inoculation on morphological, physiological, and biochemical parameters in tomato plants. Atlas Journal of Plant Biology, 106–114.

12. Bai, K., Wang, W., Zhang, J., Yao, P., Cai, C., Xie, Z., Luo, L., Li, T., & Wang, Z. (2024). Effects of phosphorus-solubilizing bacteria and biochar application on phosphorus availability and tomato growth under phosphorus stress. BMC Biology, 22(1), 211. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12915-024-02011-y

13. Baredo, Y. (2013). Gamo Gofa Zone diagnosis and planning document. Livestock and Irrigation Value Chains for Ethiopian Smallholders (LIVES) Project.

14. Basu, A., Prasad, P., Das, S. N., Kalam, S., Sayyed, R., Reddy, M., & El Enshasy, H. (2021). Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) as green bioinoculants: Recent developments, constraints, and prospects. Sustainability, 13(3), 1140. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13031140

15. Cochard, B., Giroud, B., Crovadore, J., Chablais, R., Arminjon, L., & Lefort, F. (2022). Endophytic PGPR from tomato Roots: Isolation, in vitro characterization and in vivo evaluation of treated tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum L.). Microorganisms, 10(4), 765. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10040765

16. Compant, S., Cassan, F., Kostić, T., Johnson, L., Brader, G., Trognitz, F., & Sessitsch, A. (2024). Harnessing the plant microbiome for sustainable crop production. Nature Reviews Microbiology, 23, 9–23.

17. Cordero, I., Balaguer, L., Rincón, A., & Pueyo, J. J. (2018). Inoculation of tomato plants with selected PGPR represents a feasible alternative to chemical fertilization under salt stress. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science, 181(5), 694–703. https://doi.org/10.1002/jpln.201700480

18. CSA. (2023). Agricultural sample survey 2021/22 (2014 E.C.), volume I report on area and production of major crops (private peasant holdings, meher season). The Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Central Statistical Agency.

19. FAOSTAT. (2023). Crops and livestock products. r

20. Fufa, F., Hanson, P., Dagnoko, S., & Dhaliwal, M. (2009). AVRDC-The world vegetable center tomato breeding in Sub-Saharan Africa: Lessons from the past, present work, and future prospects. ISHS Acta Horticulturae 911: I All Africa horticultural congress. ISHS.

21. Gamalero, E., Martinotti, M., Trotta, A., Lemanceau, P., & Berta, G. (2002). Morphogenetic modifications induced by Pseudomonas fluorescens A6RI and Glomus mosseae BEG12 in the root system of tomato differ according to plant growth conditions. New Phytologist, 155(2), 293–300. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1469-8137.2002.00460.x

22. Gamalero, E., Trotta, A., Massa, N., Copetta, A., Martinotti, M. G., & Berta, G. (2004). Impact of two fluorescent pseudomonads and an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus on tomato plant growth, root architecture and P acquisition. Mycorrhiza, 14(3), 185–192. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00572-003-0256-3

23. Gatahi, D. M. (2020). Challenges and opportunities in tomato production chain and sustainable standards. International Journal of Horticultural Science and Technology, 7(3), 235–262.

24. Guo, Q., Sun, Y., Shi, M., Han, X., Jing, Y., Li, Y., Li, H., & Lai, H. (2021). Pseudomonas koreensis promotes tomato growth and shows potential to induce stress tolerance via auxin and polyphenol-related pathways. Plant and Soil, 462, 141–158. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-021-04837-9

25. Haile, D., Tesfaye, B., & Assefa, F. (2022). Overview of agrochemicals application practices on tomato farm by smallholders at Koka, Meki and Ziway, Ethiopia. Turkish Journal of Agriculture-Food Science and Technology, 10(4), 781–786.

26. Haile, D., Tesfaye, B., & Assefa, F. (2023). Tomato production under synergistic application of phosphate solubilizing bacteria and phosphate amendments. Advances in Agriculture, 2023(1), 4717693.

27. Haile, D., Tesfaye, B., & Assefa, F. (2024). Plant growth promoting Rhizobacteria for sustainable tomato production. South African Journal of Botany, 174, 371–382.

28. Hamid, B., Zaman, M., Farooq, S., Fatima, S., Sayyed, R. Z., Baba, Z. A., Sheikh, T. A., Reddy, M. S., El Enshasy, H., Gafur, A., & Suriani, N. L. (2021). Bacterial plant biostimulants: A sustainable way towards improving growth, productivity, and health of crops. Sustainability, 13(5), 2856.

29. Hasan, A., Tabassum, B., Hashim, M., & Khan, N. (2024). Role of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) as a plant growth enhancer for sustainable agriculture: A review. Bacteria, 3(2), 59–75.

30. He, S., Li, L., Lv, M., Wang, R., Wang, L., Yu, S., Gao, Z., & Li, X. (2024). PGPR: Key to enhancing crop productivity and achieving sustainable agriculture. Current Microbiology, 81(11), 377. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00284-024-03893-5

31. Igiehon, N. O., & Babalola, O. O. (2018). Rhizosphere microbiome modulators: Contributions of nitrogen fixing bacteria towards sustainable agriculture. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 15(4), 574–625. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040574

32. Islam, A., Kabir, M. S., & Khair, A. (2019). Characterization and evaluation of Bacillus siamensis isolate for its growth promoting potential in tomato. Agriculture/Pol'nohospodárstvo, 65(2), 42–50. https://doi.org/10.2478/agri-2019-0005

33. Islam, M. R., Sultana, T., Joe, M. M., Yim, W., Cho, J. C., & Sa, T. (2013). Nitrogen-fixing bacteria with multiple plant growth-promoting activities enhance growth of tomato and red pepper. Journal of Basic Microbiology, 53(12), 1004–1015. https://doi.org/10.1002/jobm.201200141

34. Jan, B., Sajad, S., Reshi, Z. A., & Mohiddin, F. (2021). Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR): Eco-friendly approach for sustainable agriculture. In T. B. Pirzadah, B. Malik, & K. R. Hakeem (Eds.), Plant-microbe dynamics: Recent advances for sustainable agriculture (pp. 185–200). CRC Press.

35. Kasso, M., & Bekele, A. (2018). Post-harvest loss and quality deterioration of horticultural crops in Dire Dawa Region, Ethiopia. Journal of the Saudi Society of Agricultural Sciences, 17(1), 88–96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jssas.2016.01.005

36. Kasso, M., & Bekele, A. (2018). Post-harvest loss and quality deterioration of horticultural crops in Dire Dawa Region, Ethiopia. Journal of the Saudi Society of Agricultural Sciences, 17(1), 88–96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jssas.2016.01.005

37. Kurabachew, H., & Wydra, K. (2013). Characterization of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria and their potential as bioprotectant against tomato bacterial wilt caused by Ralstonia solanacearum. Biological Control, 67(1), 75–83.

38. Lobo, L. L. B., de Andrade da Silva, M. S. R., Castellane, T. C. L., Carvalho, R. F., & Rigobelo, E. C. (2022). Effect of indole-3-acetic acid on tomato plant growth. Microorganisms, 10(11), 2212.

39. Mekonnen, H., & Kibret, M. (2021). The roles of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria in sustainable vegetable production in Ethiopia. Chemical and Biological Technologies in Agriculture, 8(1), Article 15. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40538-021-00213-y

40. Mekonnen, H., Kibret, M., & Assefa, F. (2022). Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria for biocontrol of tomato bacterial wilt caused by Ralstonia solanacearum. International Journal of Agronomy, 2022,

41. Mengistie, G. Y., & Awlachew, Z. T. (2022). Evaluation of the plant growth promotion effect of Bacillus species on different varieties of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) seedlings. Advances in Agriculture, 22, 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/1771147

42. Merga, W. H. (2021). Role of grafting on tomato production. Daagu International Journal of Basic and Applied Research, 3(2), 13–23.

43. Morcillo, R. J., & Manzanera, M. (2021). The effects of plant-associated bacterial exopolysaccharides on plant abiotic stress tolerance. Metabolites, 11(6), 337.

44. Muimba-Kankolongo, A. (2018). Food crop production by smallholder farmers in Southern Africa: Challenges and opportunities for improvement. Academic Press.

45. Myresiotis, C. K., Karaoglanidis, G. S., Vryzas, Z., & Papadopoulou-Mourkidou, E. (2012). Evaluation of plant-growth-promoting rhizobacteria, acibenzolar-S-methyl and hymexazol for integrated control of Fusarium crown and root rot on tomato. Pest Management Science, 68(3), 404–411. https://doi.org/10.1002/ps.2277

46. Ottesen, A. R., González Peña, A., White, J. R., Pettengill, J. B., Li, C., Allard, S., Rideout, S., Allard, M., Hill, T., Evans, P., Strain, E., Musser, S., Knight, R., & Brown, E. (2013). Baseline survey of the anatomical microbial ecology of an important food plant: Solanum lycopersicum (tomato). BMC Microbiology, 13(1), Article 114.

47. Pathak, R., Paudel, V., Shrestha, A., Lamichhane, J., & Gauchan, D. P. (2017). Isolation of phosphate solubilizing bacteria and their use for plant growth promotion in tomato seedling and plant. Kathmandu University Journal of Science, Engineering and Technology, 13, 61–

48. Puvanasundram, P., Chong, C. M., Sabri, S., Yusoff, M. S., & Karim, M. (2021). Multi-strain probiotics: Functions, effectiveness and formulations for aquaculture applications. Aquaculture Reports, 21, 100905. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aqrep.2021.100905

49. Rojas-Solís, D., Hernández-Pacheco, C. E., & Santoyo, G. (2016). Evaluation of Bacillus and Pseudomonas to colonize the rhizosphere and their effect on growth promotion in tomato (Physalis ixocarpa Brot. ex Horm.). Revista Chapingo Serie Horticultura, 22(1), 45–58.

50. Romero, F. M., Marina, M., & Pieckenstain, F. L. (2014). The communities of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) leaf endophytic bacteria, analyzed by 16S-ribosomal RNA gene pyrosequencing. FEMS Microbiology Letters, 351(2), 187–194. https://doi.org/10.1111/1574-6968.12377

51. Saad, M. M., Eida, A. A., & Hirt, H. (2020). Tailoring plant-associated microbial inoculants in agriculture: A roadmap for successful application. Journal of Experimental Botany, 71(13), 3878–3901. https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/eraa111

52. Schenk, P., Batool, M., Mirzaee, H., & Abbott, A. (2024). Customized plant growth promotion with soil-and cultivar-compatible microbial biofertilizers. Agronomy, 14(9), 1–16.

53. Shah, A., Nazari, M., Antar, M., Msimbira, L. A., Naamala, J., Lyu, D., Rabileh, M., Zajonc, J., & Smith, D. L. (2021). PGPR in agriculture: A sustainable approach to increasing climate change resilience. Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems, 5, 667546.

54. Siddiq, M., & Uebersax, M. A. (2018). Handbook of vegetables and vegetable processing. Wiley Blackwell.

55. Singh, D., Yadav, D., Sinha, S., & Upadhyay, B. (2012). Utilization of plant growth promoting Bacillus subtilis isolates for the management of bacterial wilt incidence in tomato caused by Ralstonia solanacearum race 1 biovar 3. Indian Phytopathology, 65(1), 18–24.

56. Sora, S. (2018). Review on productivity of released tomato (Solanum Lycopersicum M.) varieties in different parts of Ethiopia. Journal of Horticultural Sciences, 1, 1–5.

57. Tan, S., Jiang, Y., Song, S., Huang, J., Ling, N., Xu, Y., & Shen, Q. (2013). Two Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strains isolated using the competitive tomato root enrichment method and their effects on suppressing Ralstonia solanacearum and promoting tomato plant growth. Crop Protection, 43, 134–140.

58. Tewodros, M., & Asfaw, K. (2013). Promotion and evaluation of improved technologies through participatory approach in South Ethiopia: Experience from hot pepper. Unique Research Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 1(4), 057–062.

59. Widnyana, I. K., & Javandira, C. (2016). Activities Pseudomonas spp. and Bacillus sp. to stimulate germination and seedling growth of tomato plants. Agriculture and Agricultural Science Procedia, 9, 419–423. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aaspro.2016.02.158

60. Wondim, D. (2021). Value chain analysis of vegetables (onion, tomato, potato) in Ethiopia: A review. International Journal of Agricultural Science and Food Technology, 7(1), 108–113.

61. Xie, K., Sun, M., Shi, A., Di, Q., Chen, R., Jin, D., Li, Y., Yu, X., Chen, S., & He, C. (2022). The application of tomato plant residue compost and plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria improves soil quality and enhances the ginger field soil bacterial community. Agronomy, 12(8), 1741. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12081741

62. Yagmur, B., & Gunes, A. (2021). Evaluation of the effects of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) on yield and quality parameters of tomato plants in organic agriculture by principal component analysis (PCA). Gesunde Pflanzen, 73(2), 219–228. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10343-021-00543-9

63. Yanti, Y., Warnita, W., Reflin, R., & Hamid, H. (2018). Development of selected PGPR consortium to control Ralstonia syzygii subsp. indonesiensis and promote the growth of tomato. Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity, 19(6), 2073–2078.

64. Zhao, Y., Mao, X., Zhang, M., Yang, W., Di, H. J., Ma, L., Liu, W., & Li, B. (2021). The application of Bacillus Megaterium alters soil microbial community composition, bioavailability of soil phosphorus and potassium, and cucumber growth in the plastic shed system of North China. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 307, 107236.

التنزيلات

منشور

2026-06-14

إصدار

القسم

Articles