Defensive pessimism among kindergarten students

Abstract

    The current research aims to measure defensive pessimism among kindergarten students. The descriptive analytical approach was used، as it is appropriate for the subject of the study. To achieve the research objectives، the researcher constructed a defensive pessimism scale، which in its final form consists of (30) items. ، and five areas، and the scale may be one of the following alternatives (does not apply to me at all، applies to me a little، applies to me rarely، applies to me to some extent، applies to me to a large degree، applies to me completely)، and the apparent and structural validity of the scale was achieved، and reliability was extracted using the Cronbach’s alpha method، and the reliability coefficient was reached according to the Cronbach’s alpha method، and the research tool was applied to a sample of (150) A sample of female kindergarten students (four grades) for both morning and evening classes for the 2025-2026 academic year were randomly selected. The study concluded that the sample of female students exhibited a high level of defensive pessimism. In light of the study results، the researcher developed a number of recommendations and proposals